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ABOUT THE BOOK

This book seeks to answer one central question: do the U.S. cable and satellite retransmission statutory licenses comply with the TRIPs minimum standard? As with all legal problems, the resolution of ambiguity provides the challenge and the interest. In this regard, by far the greatest ambiguity is created by the use of the term 'equitable renumeration' in the TRIPs retransmission norm. Resort will be had to not only the drafting history of the TRIPs incorporated Berne Convention article, but also to the discipline of economics and to the field of restitutionary monetary awards in common law countries, to seek to provide a meaning for that term.

This book is unique in so far as it purports to undertake to provide an analysis whereby a TRIPs compliance issue is considered fully at a theoretical level in an attempt to provide an answer. In so doing, it is hoped that the analysis will provide a methodology for the consideration of the compliance of national laws with intellectual property treaty obligations, which is of use to anyone who may wish to consider such compliance issues in the future.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements, Foreword, Preface, Bibliography 1 Introduction 2 Retransmission as a TRIPS Minimum Standard 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Treaty Interpretation 2.3 The Basics of the Berne Convention 2.4 The First Countenancing of Statutory Licences in Berne 2.5 The Phenomena of Broadcasting and its Relation to Copyright 2.6 The Inception of the Equitable Remuneration Obligation 2.7 The Inception of the Retransmission Right 2.8 The 1967 Stockholm Conference 2.9 WIPO Working Groups and Committees 2.10 Application of the Berne Retransmission Regime in Europe 2.11 The Berne Convention in TRIPS 2.12 Interpretation of Article 11bis within TRIPS 2.13 The “Home-style” Decision 2.14 The WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996 2.15 Conclusions 3 Retransmission, Equitable Remuneration and Economics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Copyright as a Public Good 3.3 Coase, Copyright and the Private Supply of Public Goods 3.4 Competing Views of Efficiency in Supplying Public Goods 3.5 Exclusion and Copyright 3.6 The Effect of Exclusion upon Business Models 3.7 Rational Market Behaviour for Information Goods 3.8 Contingent Valuation Methodologies and Retransmission 3.9 Consequences for Understanding Equitable Remuneration 3.10 Conclusion 4 Retransmission, Equitable Remuneration and Restitution 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Restitution as a Normative Construct 4.3 Different Restitutionary Awards and Different Values 4.4 Aims and Objectives of the Model 4.5 Proceeds Awards 4.6 Profit Awards 4.7 Fair Market Value Awards 4.8 Measuring Equitable Remuneration for Retransmission 4.9 Conclusion 5 The US Cable Retransmission Royalty Rates 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Rate Scale and the “April 1976 Agreement” 5.3 Cable and Submission to Copyright Fees 5.4 Retransmission Reform between 1965 and 1975 5.5 April 1976 Agreement: Payment Basis 5.6 April 1976 Agreement: Rate Quantum 5.7 April 1976 Agreement: Rate Basis 5.8 The Impact of Early Broadcast Regulation on the Copyright Licence 5.9 Section 111 Royalty Rates as Enacted 5.10 The Role of the Copyright Royalty Tribunal 5.11 Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Inflation Adjustments 5.12 Copyright Royalty Tribunal: FCC Rule Change Adjustments 5.13 Gross Receipts, “Basic Service” and Commercial Practices 5.14 Cablevision 5.15 Must-Carry and Retransmission Consent 5.16 The 1992 Reform Proposals 5.17 Conclusion 6 The US Satellite Retransmission Royalty Rates 6.1 Context of the Satellite Retransmission Statutory Licence 6.2 The Evolution of the Section 119 Licence 6.3 1992 Rate Adjustment 6.4 1994 “Fair market value” Reform 6.5 1997 Rate Adjustment 6.6 1999 Reforms 6.7 Conclusion 7 Conclusion 7.1 Outline of Chapter 7.2 US Accession to Berne in 1989 and its Effect on US Copyright Law 7.3 US Adherence to TRIPS in 1994 and its Effect on US Copyright Law 7.4 Retransmission Regimes and US TRIPS Compliance 7.5 Section 111 – Cable Retransmission of Distant Signals 7.6 Section 111 – Cable Retransmission within Local Area 7.7 Section 119 – Satellite Retransmission of Distant Signals 7.8 Section 122 – Satellite Retransmission within Local Area 7.9 Conclusion, Index